📄 Article 2: The Nam Comics

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One particularly notable treatment of the war is Marvel Comics' "The 'Nam" (1986-1993). The series was written and edited by two Vietnam War veterans, Doug Murray and Larry Hama. It reflects the ability of comics to record past events while addressing the politics of the present. The plots, for example, balance the early pro-war patriotism with a now familiar, post- conflict cynicism, doubt and skepticism about the war effort. The comic spans the years 1966 to 1972. Many issues are told from the point of view of a soldier named Ed Marks. "The 'Nam" is notable for its realism and its focus on the common soldier. As Hama wrote in the introduction to Volume One, "It had to be about the guys on the ground who got jungle rot, malaria, and dysentery. It had to be about people, not ideas, and the people had to be real, not cardboard heroes or super- men." The 84 issues of "The 'Nam" placed historical events such as the Tet Offensive alongside personal stories. These stories ranged from "search and destroy" campaigns to conflicts with commanding officers to love affairs. **"The 'Nam" Early Issues Were Gobbled Up** The initial success of "The 'Nam" was both critical and commercial: The inaugural December 1986 issue outsold the latest issue of the widely popular X-Men series. Not everyone was enthusiastic. For example, Jan Scruggs, president of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial fund, questioned whether the war should be the subject of a comic book. However, Newsweek editor William Broyles praised the series for its gritty realism. The most telling praise came from Bravo Organization, a notable Vietnam veterans' group. The 'Nam was recognized by the organization as the "best media portrayal of the Vietnam War," beating out Oliver Stone's "Platoon." Comics are only one of many places the Vietnam War has been restaged and remembered. Historians and many of the war's veterans and victims have tried to piece together an account of what actually happened. This process continues with Burns' documentary. So far, there has been no overall agreement, no final word, on how the war should be seen. As Pulitzer Prize-winning author Viet Thanh Nguyen wrote, "All wars are fought twice. The first time on the battlefield, the second time in memory." _Cathy Schlund-Vials is a professor of English and Asian-American Studies at the University of Connecticut._ Image 1. The cover of the first issue of This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com.

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对这场战争的一次特别值得关注的呈现是漫威漫画的《The 'Nam》（1986-1993年）。该系列由两位越南战争老兵道格·默里（Doug Murray）和拉里·哈马（Larry Hama）撰写和编辑。它反映了漫画记录历史事件并同时探讨当下政治的能力。例如，其故事情节平衡了早期的亲战爱国主义与如今已司空见惯的战后对战争努力的玩世不恭、怀疑和不信任。 这部漫画涵盖了1966年至1972年。许多期都以一名名叫埃德·马克斯（Ed Marks）的士兵的视角讲述。 《The 'Nam》以其现实主义和对普通士兵的关注而著称。正如哈马在第一卷的序言中所写：“它必须讲述那些在地面上饱受丛林溃烂、疟疾和痢疾折磨的士兵。它必须关乎人，而非思想，而且这些人必须是真实的，而不是纸板英雄或超人。” 《The 'Nam》的84期漫画将春节攻势等历史事件与个人故事并置。这些故事涵盖了从“搜寻并摧毁”行动到与指挥官的冲突，再到爱情故事。 **《The 'Nam》早期刊物被抢购一空** 《The 'Nam》的初期成功在评论界和商业上都取得了：1986年12月的创刊号销量超过了当时广受欢迎的《X战警》系列的最新一期。 并非所有人都对此充满热情。例如，越南退伍军人纪念基金会主席简·斯克鲁格斯（Jan Scruggs）质疑这场战争是否应该成为漫画书的主题。然而，《新闻周刊》编辑威廉·布罗伊尔斯（William Broyles）赞扬该系列具有粗犷的现实主义。 最具说服力的赞扬来自著名的越南退伍军人团体“Bravo组织”。该组织将《The 'Nam》评为“对越南战争的最佳媒体描绘”，击败了奥利弗·斯通（Oliver Stone）的《野战排》。 漫画只是越南战争被重新演绎和铭记的众多载体之一。历史学家以及许多战争老兵和受害者都试图拼凑出事件真相的叙述。这一过程在伯恩斯（Burns）的纪录片中得以延续。 到目前为止，对于这场战争应如何看待，至今没有达成普遍共识，也没有定论。 正如普利策奖得主作家阮越清（Viet Thanh Nguyen）所写：“所有战争都要打两次。第一次在战场上，第二次在记忆中。” _凯茜·施伦德-维尔斯（Cathy Schlund-Vials）是康涅狄格大学英语和亚裔美国人研究教授。_ 图片1. 第一期封面 本文可在https://newsela.com以5种阅读难度级别获取。

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supported the war. Over time, however, many people began to question its goals, and to doubt it could be won at all. Comics reflect these changing attitudes. Histories of war are often told through the major battles and the views of the generals and politicians in power. American comics, on the other hand, reflect the popular attitudes of the era in which they are produced. Due to serialization and mass production, they are uniquely equipped to respond to changing situations and shifting politics. **Reflection Of People's Attitudes** During the Great Depression, Superman battled evil landlords. At the height of World War II, Captain America clashed with the fascist Red Skull. Tony Stark's transformation into Iron Man occurred alongside the growth of the military industrial complex during the Cold War. The diverse team of X-Men first appeared during the civil rights movement. These storylines reflect the shifting attitudes of regular people. Today, comics continue to engage with current affairs and politics. More recent plots have included tea party rallies, failed peace missions in Iran and coming-out stories. Comics – to quote French historian Pierre Nora – are a form of "real memory." They can be more truthful than the official histories, which are written after the fact and which often sanitize the past. In other words, comics are a type of historical record. They're a window into what people were thinking and how they were interpreting events – almost in real time. The comics produced in the years during, after and leading up to the Vietnam War were no different. The conflict, its soldiers and its returning veterans appear in many popular comics, such as "The Amazing Spider-Man," "Iron Man," "Punisher," "Thor," "The X-Men" and "Daredevil." The portrayal of soldiers – and the war – shifted considerably over the course of the conflict. **No Longer All Pro-War Plots** Prior to 1968 and the Tet Offensive, Marvel comics tended to feature pro-war plots. They centered on superhero battles involving U.S. soldiers and the South Vietnamese battling National Liberation Front operatives and Ho Chi Minh's communist forces. These plots were similar to those found in World War II comics. The "good guys" were clearly distinguished from their evil counterparts. However, as the anti-war protest movement started to grow – and as public opinion began to change – the focus of such works shifted. Many included storylines about returning Vietnam War veterans who struggled to adjust to life back home. These soldiers were haunted by the horrors of war. Often, they were saddened by the thought of those "left behind" – namely, their South Vietnamese allies. This portrayal of veterans later became common in Hollywood films about the war. This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com.

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支持这场战争。然而，随着时间的推移，许多人开始质疑其目标，并怀疑它是否能取得胜利。漫画反映了这些不断变化的态度。 战争史通常通过主要战役以及当权将军和政治家的观点来讲述。 另一方面，美国漫画反映了它们所处时代的民众态度。由于连载和大规模生产，它们具备独特的能力来应对不断变化的局势和政治变迁。 **民众态度的反映** 在大萧条时期，超人与邪恶的房东作战。在第二次世界大战最激烈的时候，美国队长与法西斯红骷髅发生冲突。托尼·斯塔克变身钢铁侠，正值冷战期间军事工业复合体不断壮大之时。X战警这支多元化的团队首次出现在民权运动期间。这些故事情节反映了普通民众不断变化的态度。 如今，漫画继续关注时事和政治。最近的情节包括茶党集会、在伊朗失败的和平任务以及出柜故事。 漫画——引用法国历史学家皮埃尔·诺拉的话——是一种“真实记忆”的形式。它们可能比官方历史更真实，官方历史是在事后撰写的，并且经常美化过去。 换句话说，漫画是一种历史记录。它们是了解人们当时在想什么以及他们如何解读事件的窗口——几乎是实时性的。 在越南战争期间、之后以及之前几年创作的漫画也不例外。 这场冲突、其士兵和归来的退伍军人出现在许多流行漫画中，例如《神奇蜘蛛侠》、《钢铁侠》、《惩罚者》、《雷神》、《X战警》和《夜魔侠》。士兵——以及战争——的描绘在冲突过程中发生了显著变化。 **不再全是支持战争的情节** 在1968年和春节攻势之前，漫威漫画倾向于以支持战争的情节为主。它们围绕着超级英雄与美国士兵和南越军队一同对抗民族解放阵线特工和胡志明共产主义军队的战斗展开。这些情节与二战漫画中的情节相似。“好人”与他们的邪恶对手有着清晰的区分。 然而，随着反战抗议运动的兴起，以及公众舆论的转变，这类作品的重心也随之转移。许多作品包含了关于越南战争退伍军人难以适应回国生活的故事情节。这些士兵被战争的恐怖所困扰。他们常常为那些“被留下的人”——即他们的南越盟友——而感到悲伤。这种对退伍军人的描绘后来在好莱坞关于这场战争的电影中变得普遍。 本文可在 https://newsela.com 上以5种阅读难度级别获取。

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newsela "The 'Nam" comics gave American public unsanitized version of war By The Conversation, adapted by Newsela staff on 09.04.19 Word Count 1,012 Level 1050L FRANKLIN LBJ VIETNAM PEACE DRIVE SHAKING THE OLIVE BRANCH In this Stanley Franklin cartoon published Feb. 1, 1966, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson is drawn as a dove of peace holding an olive branch made of bombs, bombing Vietnam. The cartoon refers to the Rolling Thunder bombing campaign against North Vietnam. Photo by Daily Mirror/Mirrorpix/Mirrorpix via Getty Images For many Americans, the Vietnam War is not something to be celebrated. Rather, it is something to be contemplated and thought about. This inward-looking approach is reflected in films like "The Deer Hunter" and "Apocalypse Now," best-selling novels and popular memoirs that dwell on the psychological effects of the war. Was the war worth the cost, human and otherwise? Was it a winnable war or doomed from the beginning? What are its lessons and its aftereffects? These hard questions also underly Ken Burns' Vietnam War documentary, which premiered in September 2017. Many forget that the Vietnam War was once broadly supported by the American public, who saw it as a simple contest between good and evil. As a child, I was always fascinated by comics. Now, as a cultural studies scholar, I've been able to fuse this passion with an interest in war narratives. Comics reflect the way in which the Vietnam War effort developed and they show how public attitudes evolved. Early on, most Americans This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com.

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Newsela 《越南》系列漫画向美国公众揭示了战争的真实面貌 作者：《对话》杂志，Newsela编辑团队于2019年9月4日改编 字数：1,012字 阅读难度：1050L 弗兰克林 约翰逊总统 越南和平行动 摇晃橄榄枝 在这幅斯坦利·弗兰克林于1966年2月1日发表的漫画中，美国总统林登·B·约翰逊被描绘成一只和平鸽，手持由炸弹组成的橄榄枝，轰炸越南。这幅漫画指的是针对北越的“滚雷行动”轰炸战役。图片来源：每日镜报/Mirrorpix/Mirrorpix 经由 Getty Images 对许多美国人来说，越南战争并非值得庆祝的事情。相反，它是一件值得深思和反省的事情。这种内省的方式体现在《猎鹿人》和《现代启示录》等电影、畅销小说以及深入探讨战争心理影响的流行回忆录中。 这场战争值得付出人力和其他代价吗？它是一场可以打赢的战争，还是从一开始就注定失败？它的教训和后遗症是什么？ 这些难题也构成了肯·伯恩斯关于越南战争的纪录片的核心，该片于2017年9月首映。许多人忘记了，越南战争曾一度得到美国公众的广泛支持，他们将其视为一场善恶之间的简单较量。 小时候，我一直对漫画着迷。现在，作为一名文化研究学者，我得以将这份热情与对战争叙事的兴趣结合起来。漫画反映了越南战争的进程，并展示了公众态度的演变。早期，大多数美国人 本文有5个阅读级别，可在 https://newsela.com 获取。